From a sociological perspective, what do the effects of demographic change have on the social structure of the community of Exeter?

Objectives: 1) To create a research project loosely based on the study proposed by W. M. Williams, A West Country Village: Ashworthy: Family, Kinship and Land. 2) Concentrate on the sociological issues that arise from demographic change in a city community, including family, kinship, class and age. 3) Look at Exeter's population change over the past 20 years. 4) Research Methods: i) Conduct a questionnaire to be carried out in Exeter. ii) Collect secondary data relevant to the project (e.g. census data) iii) Map the shops and services in the high street to gain an understanding of what age groups Exeter wants to attract. iv) Find out if there is a strong sense of community by finding out what clubs and societies are available. v) Look at religion in the community. 2001 Census Results for South West Region From the census data one was able to see that, during the last 20 years the South West's population has grown by over half a million, the fastest growing region in this period. However out of all the places in the south west that have experienced demographic change Exeter has experienced relatively low population growth of about 10.5% The South West has also shown a growth in its ‘retirement' population by a fifth since 1991. The South West has acquired an additional 10,000 residents of retirement age but at the same time has experienced a loss of 3,800 people of working age and a loss of 13,000 people under sixteen. Sociological factors to investigate when looking at the effects of demographic change on the community of Exeter Secondary data is quite important to use alongside the first hand research. For example census information and settlement maps would show how the area has changed over time. By mapping the shops and services available on the high street in Exeter one will be able to see which order they are, i.e. ‘high order' e.g. doctors, dentists, cloths shops, or ‘low order' e.g. bakery, grocers, butchers. The more high order shops and services available, the more likely the community will not need to travel outside of the city therefore making it more self sustained and a high probability of having a good community spirit. The types of shops and services available will also give a clue as to what age groups Exeter's retailers and services are aiming to attract. One could find out Exeter's sphere of influence by asking where people travel from to get to Exeter. From this information it would allow one to then find out if the influx of ‘visitors' that Exeter attracts have an effect on the community of Exeter. To see if Exeter has a strong sense of community and family and kinship systems, one could look at a number of different factors. One could find out what clubs and societies are available to the residents of Exeter. For example Exeter has its own football team, ‘Exeter City'. Therefore you could ask people what football team they support and also how many Exeter football games they attend each year. One could also find out who the clubs and societies are aimed at. This would give a clue as to the age group of the individuals who join the clubs/societies, which would therefore show for example if the community spirit is stronger in the older members of Exeter's community as compared to the younger members. Another important factor is religion, as it is an important medium of bringing a community together and uniting them. The questionnaire should attempt to find out more about the change in Exeter's population and it's effects on family and kinship. Some of the key areas that should be covered in the questionnaire are, the age of the individual, whether they are married or divorced, single parents, and the number of children per household. A way of assessing kinship ties is by finding out if the house of the individual has room for relatives to stay. Also find out the individuals' place of birth, how long they have been living in Exeter, if they have family living within ten minutes travelling distance, how often they see their relatives and also if they have children do they use a family member to baby-sit them or a friend? Also find out the type of job industry the individual is in, primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary, as this would show a change in work patterns between the young and the old. Transport and communication are also key factors in keeping family and kinship bonds strong. Another issue to be looked at is, does the large student population have an effect on family and kinship structures in Exeter? Also by finding out the number of local people that attend the university compared to the number of people who live outside of Devon this would show if family and kinship bonds are less strong amongst the younger members of society. Other factors that should be taken into account when conducting this project are, to find out whether Exeter has an ageing population. This would effect family and kinship systems as the young for example may move away to find better jobs or education i.e. university. One could also see how the change in attitudes towards women in the work place has had an effect on the social structure. Also the change in industry could attribute towards the social structure of the community of Exeter. In Britain, the census provides useful demographic information that can highlight areas for particular study. The 1991 census report on migration shows that Devon seems to lose more young people (20-28 year olds) than it gains through in-migration. At the same time many older people migrate into the county than leave it (Census Migration 1991). The 1991 census report indicates that the South West had the lowest proportion of 18-29 year olds in Britain as well as the highest proportion of pensioners. These are significant trends that could potentially have had an affect on the social structure of the South West and Exeter in particular. Closer investigation will hopefully help identify the precise nature of any changes that have occurred whilst also revealing the implications of demographic change. One problem that we could encounter could be that the demographic changes that have occurred in Devon and the South West in general may not be so marked in Exeter. Many people who move to the region, particularly older people, choose more rural locations rather than cities and towns. Also, young people from Exeter are arguably more inclined to stay in Devon rendering the trends of the county invalid in some areas. This is backed up by census statistics that show the ratio of young and older people in Exeter is more in keeping with national averages. However, we are confident that, to some extent at least, there will be evidence of demographic changes within Exeter; especially those that result from large scale in-migration of older people. As we are using questionnaires, we may also be able to extend are survey beyond the city into areas where demographic change may be more prominent. Literature Reviews Population Dynamics contains a number of different studies concerning factors that affect populations. We chose two and conducted a review on them to provide more background for our own research project. The first study chosen was Dangerous Misconceptions?: fertility change in colonial western Kenya, by Tamasine Robins. Robins carried out a case study on the population of western Kenya, with particular emphasis on the effects of fertility change. She claimed that demographic studies relied too heavily on the demographic transition model, which is Eurocentric in nature and unsuitable for analysing population change in Kenya. Robins' study attempts to examine the effects of ‘colonialism' on fertility. Robins chose Western Province in Kenya as the field area for her research, and used a number of methods to collect data for analysis. Survey and census data were used, also historical and anthropological accounts. The first census of Kenya took place in 1948, and the second in 1962. These provided a reasonably accurate picture of trends and patterns in population. Robins also utilised other sources to add to the data collected from the census, carrying out detailed analysis of past population surveys, missionary accounts and government reports. She also conducted some interviews, which helped to add greater depth and meaning to the data. One major strength of the research is the use of triangulation of methods, which combines all the good points of each and this means that the quality of the research is likely to be improved, the scope of the data widened, and can enhance the validity of the research by providing more consistency across methods (Denscombe 1998:84-85). The disadvantages in the study include the fact that causation of population change is difficult to establish, and that with the types of data used, it is hard to be very specific about the background changes that affect population dynamics (Robins 1996:14). The final outcome of Robins' study found that during the colonial period fertility levels increased dramatically, resulting in a rapid growth in population. This was attributed to the influence of western values and the advent of capitalism. The second study looked at was one carried out by Akim J. Mturi and Sian L. Curtis, Fertility, Infant Mortality and Family Planning Policy in Tanzania. They studied the effects of these factors on population change, and tried to find out whether family formation patterns have a direct or only a background effect on infant mortality. The study analyses the potential impact of the family planning programme in Tanzania on the infant mortality rate. The central research method used in the study is the data collected in the 1991/1992 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey which contains data gleaned from interviews conducted on all women between the ages of 15 and 49 in selected households. Other similar surveys are used to add to the data. This information produces a range of statistical data, which is then analysed to produce a table showing the distribution of births.

The professional teacher in classroom, school, and society

Introduction:By the 1970s, large authoritiess were criticized about interfering the function of markets and the ability of the persons to run their ain personal businesss. Managerialism and marketization of the public services was the chief impression of ‘new public direction ‘ . In order to better the efficiency and effectivity in the populace sector, different schemes such as internal audit and quality confidence have been introduced. ( Aucoin, 1990 ) As instruction is one of the cardinal public services in Hong Kong, it can non hedge from the tidal force of marketization. The reform is related to the transportation of duty from the authorities to the school. In other words, there is a alteration in the nature of the authorities engagement with a position to going more competitory and providing for the demands in the market, and the ever-changing universe. Efficiency, answerability, quality and efficient usage of resources have become the ‘yardstick ‘ in mea suring the public presentation by society, authorities and schools. Those standards have made a great impact on instruction at all degrees. Policy of Decentralization in Schools: In an effort to advance ‘quality instruction ‘ in schools, Hong Kong authorities introduced the thought of a school-based direction theoretical account with a position to conveying about decentalisation. This policy based on an premise: when a market mechanism is in topographic point in the instruction system, s chools will go antiphonal and accountable to the populace, and therefore will choose for better-quality public presentation. ( Brown, 1995 ) Decentralization allows schools flexibleness to apportion resources. Marketization enhances the power of parents as they provide the demands. Diversity of school was decreased and hence the competition between schools is violent. The functions of instructors and pupils have to alter harmonizing to the above-named factors. Fig. 1 Marketization theoretical account ( Modified from Ball )Parental pick:Parental pick is one of the cardinal influences of the educational market. Restructuring instruction by the authorization of parents and pupils through picks in instruction is the cardinal thought under acceptance of a market-oriented attack. In Hong Kong, most of the parents are fond of English Medium Secondary Schools because they believe in the myths of better educational services inside them. ( Band1c†Ya ®Ã‚ ¶e†¢Ã‚ ·a„†ºa‚?c µÃ‚ ±e†¹Ã‚ ±a? ­ , 2010 ) Presently, instruction is considered as a sort of commercial merchandise instead than larning to larn. The whole schooling system can be regarded as a trade good market controlled by civilization of quality. Furthermore, schools are the mills for â€Å" value-addedness † while the pupils ‘ acquisition results are the trade goods within the market. Parents are the goaded force and exert great force per unit areas to school in order to bring forth better reactivity and academic effectivity. ( e ¶Sa ¤se†¹Ã‚ ±?-†¡c? ­ e ¶Sa?-a ®Ã‚ ¶e†¢Ã‚ ·e § , 2008 )Diverseness:In the aftermath of the economic restructuring of Hong Kong into a service economic system, there was a great alteration of the prevocational and secondary proficient schools in 2000. Education and Manpower Bureau revamped and enriched the proficient course of study by stressing more on concern and technological facets every bit good as linguistic communications. ( Education Department, 1997 ) The differences between secondary proficient schools and mainstream secondary schools became bleary. Furthermore, inclusive instruction is introduced and implemented. Students with particular educational demands ( SEN pupil ) are encouraged to have instruction in ordinary schools every bit far as possible. This policy increases the learning diverseness of pupils inside chief watercourse schools. This follows with increasing of demands of resources and teacher re-training. In world, nevertheless, there is unequal support and resources. Under inclusive instruction system, schools can merely have $ 10,000 subsidies for every SEN pupil. Compared with the original system, schools can enroll one instructor and learning aid for every 15 SEN pupils. ( ez?a†¢Ã¢â€ž ¢e‚?eaS?a? §a ¤sca °Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ , 2005 ) Merely 6 % of instructors agree with adequate support under the bing system. ( Education Convergence, 2002 ) In the past 15 old ages, the diverseness of school is reduced due to revamping secondary proficient schools and inclusive instruction. More and more schools became mainstream schools. Normally, those schools focus on academic facets instead than developing pupil ‘s possible since academic accomplishment of pupils is an of import public presentation index under cognition base society. Students ‘ endowments are ever buried.Competition:Under marketization, competition becomes much more serious than earlier. From the fact that the figure of pupils entry to secondary one lessening dramatically ( a? ­a ­?aae ·?a?†¦e ©sa , 2010 ) , schools which did non get adequate figure of pupils might be closed by the authorities. In order to hedge from this procedure, different schools principals utilizing different schemes to pull pupils to analyze their school. The schemes including give different subsidy or even hard currency to the new pupils. Harmonizing to the research ( e ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢e‚?a °Ã‚ ­aaâ€Å"?a?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢a? «a ·?aeY? , 2010 ) , some instructors were forced to advance the school. The promotional activities including be aftering different activities, some even serve as salesmen on the street to advance the school. We believed that these should non be the responsibilities of instructors. The direct result is teacher can non pass equal clip on the lesson planning or fixing resource for pupils. This implies that learning quality in footings of pupil larning result may deteriorate due to the deficit of readying. Second consider competition between pupils. Hong Kong is a cognition based society. Under the construct of marketization, educational success implies competiveness, which farther elaborates to money and high socio-economical degree. We argued that the ultimate end of instruction should non be served as a tool to mount up to higher socio-economical degree. If marketization continues, the purposes of instruction would go training pupils to accomplish academic success merely and in uniformity. We argued there would be two possible result of this uniformity. The first result is we would lose out value instruction. Previously school non merely concentrate on academic country, but besides the whole individual development of pupils. Teacher can hold flexibleness to learn different country of cognition, but non constrained to the examinational stuffs. But under marketization, we focus on the acquisition result and competiveness between pupils instead than value. It seems that the value instr uction is no longer of import in the modern society. Therefore we argued this may be one of the accounts of the happening of different societal issues. The 2nd possible result of uniformity is the changing of features of pupils. After marketization, we focus more on competition every bit good as public scrutiny. Therefore different accomplishments such as communicating or coaction may be omitted in the course of study. From the illustration of the maestro alumnus in Chinese university, this indicated that our current educational system maintain preparation pupils in this mode. ( a? ­a ¤Ã‚ §c? ©a? «200? ¬?e ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹a ·?a ¤Ã‚ ±?†¢- , 2011 ) This in bend pupils can merely execute good in the test merely, but can non use the cognition in the existent state of affairs or utilizing different accomplishments to work out jobs.The effects of the reform of educational system on instructors:In fact, the work load of instructors was really high before the reform of educational system. Teachers have more than 30 periods per hebdomad and it was one of the highest Numberss around the universe ( Cheng, 2004 ) . Furthermore, the figure of pupils per category normally is really high and it is about 40 per category. It may to a great extent increase the work load of instructors. Under the reform of the educational system, the work load of instructors is farther increased. In the yesteryear, the instructors could still manage their work. It was because of the standardised course of study, lower in-class diverseness of pupils and the comparatively teacher-centered instruction manner. However, under the reform of the educational system, the stria of pupils was changed from 5-band system to 3-band system. In other words, the intra-school diverseness of pupils became much higher. This may ensue in the dramatic addition in the trouble and cost of learning and direction of schools. Ultimately, instructors have to pay more attempt to cover with the jobs in learning, conselling and resources allotment. As the diverseness of pupil additions, the original high quality schools and pupils become second-rate since the resources have to be shifted to cover with the jobs of less able pupils. As mentioned antecedently, inclusive instruction is one of the of import policies under the reform of the educational system. It aims to include some SEN pupils into the normal categories so that SEN pupils can accept the legitimate instruction. This may increase the intra-school diverseness of pupils and the operating cost of schools. Besides, excess back uping resources should be needed. However, a batch of schools do n't run into the standards to suit the SEN pupils and are forced to make so. Under the state of affairs of high work load and ‘big category ‘ , instructors really have non adequate clip and energy to take attention of the SEN pupils. As a consequence, the SEN pupils finally get no benefit. The reform of educational system involves the alteration in the instruction schemes and the usage of the instruction tools. In order to do the instruction more effectual, instructors have to take a batch of preparation classs about the alteration of the course of study, the application of information engineering and etc. Besides, some instructors have to complete the graduate student sheepskin of instruction. Teachers have to pay excess clip and energy on their surveies. In add-on to the work load and day-to-day responsibilities in school, instructors may experience collapsed. As a consequence, the success of the reform of educational system may be hard to be achieved since instructors really have no clip and energy to take attention of the diverseness of the ability of pupils and aid pupils ‘ growing.Decision:In decision, marketization have its ain advantages such as bettering efficiency of acquisition and instruction in footings of larning result. Nevertheless, the purposes o f instruction and value instruction are neglected in the current marketized educational system. We believed that the disadvantages overwhelm the advantages and this is non a good pattern to our following coevals. Entire words: 1675

A Brief On Paul Czanne

A Brief On Paul Czanne Essay Paul CÃÆ' ©zanne was born in Aix-en-Provence, a small town south of France. As a young boy, CÃÆ' ©zannes passions lay in his poetry and his friends, including Emile Zola Preble 402. CÃÆ' ©zanne is included in the time of the Post-Impressionists. CÃÆ' ©zanne wanted to make Impressionism into something solid and enduring like the art of museums Preble 401. CÃÆ' ©zanne did not have a typical, as I define as friendly, relationship with his father. CÃÆ' ©zanne had some problems with his father. CÃÆ' ©zannes father wanted for CÃÆ' ©zanne to be a lawyer. His father had sent him to a college for lawyers but CÃÆ' ©zanne was coaxed otherwise by his friend Zola her moved to Paris Preble 402. CÃÆ' ©zannes father had bought the Jas de Bouffan, which would be the place that CÃÆ' ©zanne did many of his works Rewald 21. The Jas de Bouffan would be their residence for over a half a century. In one of CÃÆ' ©zannes paintings of their residence he omits people and animals that, like in most of his paintings, would disrupt the unchanging features of the scene Murphy 150. CÃÆ' ©zannes father was always in a struggle with his son. His father was one that could not comprehend anyone being able to be successful in anything that did not make him or her rich. One thing that his father had to be able to recognize was that his son had determination, but his father was utterly blind in seeing his sons talent Rewald 35. When CÃÆ' ©zannes father died, CÃÆ' ©zanne spoke of him as a genius for leaving him an income of 25,000 francs Murphy 123. CÃÆ' ©zanne married his 12-year affair Hortense Fiquet. A few months after their marriage, CÃÆ' ©zannes father died. Hortense was not welcome at the Jas de Bouffan by CÃÆ' ©zannes mother and sister. People say that his mother and sister banned her from the house and they were in a rage of giving her too much money Murphy 117. CÃÆ' ©zannes sister, Marie, was the one that encouraged the marriage, even though she disliked Hortense, in hope that in would lift the spirits of her brother. Hortense and CÃÆ' ©zanne did not along very well Rewald 125. Even after their marriage, CÃÆ' ©zanne had no thought about living the Jas or his other and sister. CÃÆ' ©zanne thought that 16,000 francs, which were her share, was all that she needed Rewald 125. Emile Zola was Pauls best friend. CÃÆ' ©zanne and Zola were attracted by their shared interest in literary movements and artists. Zola and CÃÆ' ©zanne played an important role in each others life with Zola helping start CÃÆ' ©zannes art career and CÃÆ' ©zanne helping Zola to start thinking about pictorial art Murphy 14. CÃÆ' ©zanne at one point thought he could write and some of his works are found in his letters to Zola: Dark, thick unwelcome mist covers me up; The sun withdraws its last handful of diamonds Murphy 14. Zola was a very important person on telling the history of CÃÆ' ©zanne. However, their friendship had its rocky times and its breakup by Zola. Zola  can recall the complete disorder of CÃÆ' ©zannes studio Rewald 62. Zola tells us how CÃÆ' ©zanne rarely swept the interior of his studio for fear that the dust would disrupt his works. CÃÆ' ©zanne based his work on the observation of nature and used separate strokes that were visible to make rich surfaces Preble 400. CÃÆ' ©zanne tried counting on the connection between adjacent strokes of color to show the entirety of the form and the space decreasing. In CÃÆ' ©zannes The Saint Victoire from Bellevue we can see how CÃÆ' ©zanne uses this technique to show space and depth from a flat plane. CÃÆ' ©zanne likes to make alterations on nature and enlarge the mountain; CÃÆ' ©zanne also makes spatiality more clear and distinct than the actual photographs of the motifs Loran 125. CÃÆ' ©zanne seemed to be obsessed by this mountain and somewhat exaggerated the size of it in every one of his paintings Murphy 154. In another view of this, entitled Mont Saint-Victoire, CÃÆ' ©zanne uses the tree to show height by extending it the entire length of the canvas. CÃÆ' ©zanne utilizes color contrasts to show depth playing with cool and warm color shifts Schapi ro 66. CÃÆ' ©zanne painted this scene at least 60 times from every possible angle. READ: Walt Whitman the poet of American inclusion EssayCÃÆ' ©zanne had a very distinct style of painting. To move out of the style of the broken-color of the Impressionists, CÃÆ' ©zanne created the system of modulating the colors from a volume of cool to warm or light to dark. He made a series of steps Loran 25. As the colors begin to overlap they are creating a three-dimensional image. CÃÆ' ©zanne very seldom ever made a line around his paintings Loran 26. CÃÆ' ©zanne would make the lines virtually disappear off the edge thus creating more volume. This would make CÃÆ' ©zannes paintings pass to the negative or the background Loran 26. This technique can be seen in CÃÆ' ©zannes Still Life with Apples, a Bottle, and a Milk Pot Rewald 253. In this painting we are able to see the way CÃÆ' ©zanne literally escapes the use of encompassing lines. CÃÆ' ©zanne loses the edges in this painting producing an image of it pass into the background. Let us return to the color modulation that CÃÆ' ©zanne created. Color balance was one final aim for CÃÆ' ©zanne. CÃÆ' ©zannes light sources are moderately consistent and his shadows are a very important element to his color Loran 28. CÃÆ' ©zanne was known to work on several canvases at one time changing from one to the other depending on the time of day or the location of the sun. One of his paintings that express this color balance is Chestnut Trees and Farmhouse at the Jas de Bouffan Rewald 150. In this painting CÃÆ' ©zanne is also building on the volumes, which leads us to the next perspective on his work. CÃÆ' ©zanne used lines to create planes, but he used planes to create volume. If every artist can agree on one thing, it is that CÃÆ' ©zanne achieved volume Loran 27. In CÃÆ' ©zannes The Quarry Called Bibemus, the volume is accentuated.  CÃÆ' ©zanne relies on warm-to-cold contrasts and overlapping forms to give the volume instead of linear and aerial perspective Murphy 81. The color contrast between the bright green tree and the orange rock make the space perfectly clear without the use of lines Loran 71. CÃÆ' ©zanne had problems with perspective. In his Road to Gardanne, CÃÆ' ©zanne drastically changes the scene in order to organize space. CÃÆ' ©zanne compresses the size of the foreground and makes the road with a sharper turn. CÃÆ' ©zanne also reduces the size of the trees immensely, but increases the size of the bridge immensely Loran 48. This same technique is also used in Mardi Gras and Harlequin. This is one of his monumental works in which he struggles with his space organization. His son, Paul, posed for the paintings as Harlequin Murphy 108. In this photo CÃÆ' ©zanne shows his struggle of space by adding sections to the plane. We can see a crinkle in the canvas area of the ankle and toe of Harlequin. CÃÆ' ©zanne also caused distortions in his paintings that were merely accidental. Due to the fact that CÃÆ' ©zanne would still be scheming his paintings distortion was often made Loran 29. We can see this in his artwork entitled Women Bathers Schapiro 117. We can see in this painting how the head of one of the women is distorted and somewhat absent from the painting. His distortion was sometimes just considered a lack of dexterity and manual skill, which he later mastered. It is said that because CÃÆ' ©zanne had not reduced himself to simple abstract shapes there were distortions. He was still trying to capture the realistic look by smudging and smearing Loran 95. The paintings distortion can also be explained by the fact that he did all canvases at one time which did not allow him much accuracy on the human figure. Much distortion can be seen in the painting of another Bathers Rewald 87. In this painting, the bathers can not even be distinguished without reading the name. READ: Dead Poets Society - John Keating EssayIn CÃÆ' ©zannes LEstaque, CÃÆ' ©zanne is showing how he unifies the foreground and background of some of his paintings Schapiro 63. Unlike the original picture of this scene where the foreground and background are clearly separate, CÃÆ' ©zannes paintings unify hem into one, so that they merge to look continuous with one another. CÃÆ' ©zanne is losing the aerial perspective that is held highly among the Impressionists Loran 106.

Abelard and Heloises Differing Opinions of Love, Sex and Sin Research Paper

Abelard and Heloises Differing Opinions of Love, Sex and Sin - Research Paper Example From their son’s point of view, the historical novels revels the importance of the bond of love that exists between the husband and wife as well as the importance of the same bond between the parents and children. As well in the society marriage should not be kept as a secret from the family members, this is to say that love is not a secret as the punishment to Abelard for doing this was his castration. Abelard’s life is full of love for both God and his wife as he dedicated his inner life to them. He had serious faith in Christ as well as an ardent love for his wife. On the other hand, keeping this love a secret and hence the marriage was also a secret was not acceptable to Abelard’s father and the fatherly infernally poisonous jealousy lead to the forceful castration of Abelard. Heloise’s love is so intense and described as the love that would lead to worshipping a lover and as she is sent to a convent, she resorts to letter writing to her lover. Astrola be, Abelard’s son is seen as the distant link between him and Heloise as he admires his intellectual similarities while also failing to full recognize him as his son though this trinity is connected through secrecy and profound love. Heloise is imprisoned in a convent out of her own free will and though Abelard’s love and passion is almost nil he takes a mistress to fulfill his experience passion and sexual love. This imprisonment can be attributed to the actions of Abelard’s action of making her pregnant before marriage and the son really questions her mother’s intention in being a nun in the true power and extent of love, and the meaning of love. The son could not understand the love Heloise had for Abelard, so intense to have blinded her not to see his shortcomings such as his cantankerousness, his megalomania, his vanity, his ingratitude and arrogance. At one time, blasphemy could have led to her expulsion from convent for her absolute love for Abelar d is said to have exceeded the utmost possible for a human being, such love viewed to exceed love for God. She loved wholeheartedly and Classen (2003) describes as love with body and soul, in complete devotion as he thinks that it is only a woman who loves like that. This loves is for themselves only as they seem not to have much live for their child as Astrolabe even dreams of killing his father not out of hate but out of love, wild jealous love for the parents. According to Porter, (2000), Aberlards definition of sin is nothing other than to hold the creator in contempt, not to do for his sake what should be done for his sake or rather nit go forego for his sake that which we believe should be foregone. His understanding is reacting against the view of the early medieval penitential, which understood sin in terms of wrong doing without much regard for the agent’s motives or intentions, (Leclercq, 1973). At his time, 12th century, he was not the only one with this different view and the period can be described to have had widespread uncertainty about sin and penance though these issues were of practical concern to the society. Critically evaluating his understanding reveals that his case for sin is the fault of the soul which is rendered guilt before God as the desire to perform a sinful act itself cannot be considered as sin. His stance on moral accountability has implications for moral accountability, the legitimacy of punishment and the practice of penance are based on the consent of the soul through which the creator is held in contempt. Desire, just the desire for pleasure rather than engaging in the sinful

A Case of Morphing Legal Changes in China Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A of Morphing Legal Changes in China - Case Study Example I would also be prepared to be knowledgeable on business laws and regulations, particularly those that pertain to sensitive areas that could endanger my professional competence and capabilities to implement organizational strategies. Finally, I will be very careful in dealing with other stakeholders, especially officials from the Chinese Steel Industry and ensure transparency, honesty and integrity in all undertakings, with due support and validations of all correspondences, as required. As a high-potential rising star manager within Rio Tinto, after what happened to the other executives in China, I would not take the position for personal and professional safety. Although China was deemed the company’s biggest customer, its previous image of morphing legal cases prove to be detrimental to one’s professional goal for advancement. The costs and risks of being assigned to China far outweighs the benefits of being assigned there. As the CEO of Rio Tinto, I would ensure that all managers who are eyed to be capable and competent for positions in China must be culturally and legally adept with their business protocols and practices; as well as their legal laws pertaining to managing an organization. Thereby, before sending any executives to China, I would instruct training, orientation, and comprehensive understanding of ethical, moral and legal standards of operating, managing and running a business in the local Chinese setting. Further, I would clearly emphasize to the executives to avoid any confrontations that could lead to legal disputes. Based on the new information, my answers to questions 1, 2 and 3 would not change. Any new information should first be verified as to its accuracy, reliability and veracity. If there are truths to the allegations that any of the executives were instrumental in inflating iron ore prices and in

Human Resources Managment - Challenges and Changes Essay

Human Resources Managment - Challenges and Changes - Essay Example As the paper highlights, let us now discuss the factors that determine the recruitment of the in-demand employees. The demand analysis is done to identify the future demands in the organization and accordingly consider the recruitment functions. There are two ways to consider the recruitment of in-demand employees. The first way is to determine the requirements through environmental scanning and understanding the external trends and secondly, by studying the internal factors of the organization such as the business operation functions, technology or strategic objectives. After determining the how and what of the future tasks, the in-demand employees are recruited. Another issue that is often seen in health care industry nowadays is reorganizing, reengineering and restructuring. It does have a major impact on the health care workforce within the organization. The effect in this industry is considered as ripple-down effect. The human resource are enforced to manage their duties with th e stipulated resources, decrease the cost by eliminating wastage and inefficiencies, highlight their competencies on preventing diseases and health issues, and improve the quality of their services. However, all these changes in the framework require quick adaptation of the new roles and qualities. Restructuring is done to eliminate medical errors, staffing development in the health care, etc. It has been seen that the organizations including the health care industry often downsize to reduce their internal cost. The best example was seen in the global financial crisis. However, the question is that, does it save the organization or its money in any case or proves to be fatal for the organization.  

Faith, religion and theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Faith, religion and theology - Essay Example The theme of equality before God is evident in the case young blind man. According to the Jews, the blind man’s condition is attributed to some curse excluding him as a valuable member of the society, the Samaritan woman gives Jesus who is Jews water against their norms showing the theme of love beyond boundaries. 4. The heresy refers to violations of important religious teachings. It is the rejection of the teachings of the Catholic Church. It says that denying any of the doctrines that are the teachings of Christ is to deny the faith of Christ. Irenaeus of Lyons was opposed to heretics because the knowledge of the apostles came after the resurrection of Christ and the baptism in the Holy Spirit. 5. Synoptic gospels are Mark, Luke, and Mathew since they have similar stories and sequence. The synoptic problems refer to the question of the precise nature of their literary relationship. It seeks to address what order the synoptic was written and did the authors of the latter tex ts use the earlier gospels as directed by their literary sources. The Marcan priority views that the gospel of Mathew and Luke used gospel mark a hypothetical document Q as their source.This shows that Mark was written first and then Mathew and Luke was extracted primarily from it. The synoptic gospels are similar to each other, but each still contains its uniqueness. This is known as the triple tradition. The double problem is the passages shared between Mathew and Luke, which comprises of parables and sayings.

Theories of International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Theories of International Relations - Essay Example 42). As a result of the complexity in international relations, this field of study has attracted numerous scholars who come up with theories to explain international behavior among states. For most theorists of international relations the state is the primary player that determines the direction in international matters. Olson and Groom (1992, pp. 274) state that the policies adopted by a certain state go along way into shaping its relationship with other states, thus molding international relations. The field of international relations widely accepts anarchy as one of the possible explanations for behavior in international politics. Different theorists of international relations have varying concepts on the issue of anarchy. To some pessimists, anarchy is totally appalling, while to some optimists, anarchy can be advantageous to a state. More specifically, there is a â€Å"myth† of international anarchy that provides that ‘Anarchy is what states make of it’. Acco rding to Weber (2004, pp. 63) this myth of international relations holds that the outcomes of global anarchy vary from one state to another. This means that one cannot predict how anarchy will affect a given state, since different states have different responses to anarchy. Essentially, anarchy may cause either cooperation or conflicts among states, depending on the policies of each individual state on international behavior (Griffith, 1999; pp. 154). Accordingly, it is critical to have deeper insight into the concept of international anarchy; its meaning, origins, the role it plays in international relations. It essential to consider how individual states have it in their power to shape international relations by choosing the consequences that anarchy is going to have on them and other states they interact with. For most people, especially those not concerned with the study of international relations, the term anarchy is associated with disorganization, violence, and absence of law s to govern the actions of people. This means that most people view anarchy as being characterized by severe social and political instability, meaning that anarchy is a threat to international order and security (Griffiths, 1999; pp. 145). With such a mindset, anarchy is depicted as the very opposite of civilization and most people would rather do without anarchy. However, in the study of international relations, different scholars have different views concerning international anarchy and its consequences on international politics. Some see anarchy as negative, while others see it a positive. Yet for some, international anarchy can have either negative or positive effects or both on a state and in the entire field of international politics. Nevertheless, all theorists of international anarchy agree that anarchy is caused by lack of a universal government. In the field of international relations, anarchy is not necessarily considered a theory; rather it is taken as a myth by theorist s of international relations. Theorists of international anarchy hold that the world is made of sovereign states, each yielding power over its territory, people, and resources. According to Brown (2002, pp. 145,) such a sovereign state holds the ultimate power over its area of jurisdiction and no other authority, whether domestic or international, should challenge its position. Therefore, as far as international politics of anarchy are concerned, all states are sovereign, but the degrees of sovereignty vary from state to state. International independence among states varies, according to the political structures of

Refute or support the claim that the male body is both the norm and Essay

Refute or support the claim that the male body is both the norm and ideal body in medical practice - Essay Example Feminism is a controversial topic nowadays. It aims to empower women and gave women equal rights with that of what men have. Their voice in our society plays an important role such that they are given chances to point out their views or perspectives in the topics of their concern. One of the most controversial topics that feminists won't dare give up is the topic that deals with the issue of equality if not the issue of who among the two sexes was advantageous over the other. Of the pertinent issues in this perspective comes the claim that the male body is both the norm and ideal body in medical practice. We define norms as the set of standards that was set before or emanated few years ago, which is then and was still considered as true unless proven wrong or something that has of flawless evidences and have scientific basis. Ideal as we all knew, referred to one thing that is commonly desired by most people in the society. It is also considered as an honest to goodness thing we all ought to have or acquire. The definitions of the two important terminologies in the statement at least made it clear to us what it tries to convey. For me, I definitely refute the claim that the male body is both the norm and ideal body in medical practice. As we all know, the moment we open our eyes when we are still a baby, the kind of system our society have is the patriarchal system. In this system man is the dominant sex or gender. When I say dominant, I mean that man dominated all the aspects and features of the world we live in. by this, it implies that the role of women is secondary with that of men. Medical practices rely mainly on the subject that they are dealing with. Their methods and materials depend on how complex their subject is. Even in medicine the conflict between genders is not exempted. The surgeons tend to identify themselves as good one and very able if they are man due to their capability to do things that they say woman cannot do. This idea or kind of thinking was identified before way back to ancient times until recently that there are growing numbers of female doctor's and nurses in the world. In history, men are the ideal creatures to be the subject of every study. This is due to the kind of system we have, but as we go along and modernized, the role of women in the society is eventually changed. This is mainly due to the fact that there are women who fight and prove the world that they can do more than what others expect them to do or what others think of as their limitations. Today woman's body had also been used in the medical field. As the world modernizes it also opened its coverage to the possibility that a woman's body is also an ideal body to be used in medical practices. The role of history extended to that of practices made in the medical world. Before only man are used in the field as the subject for human study of its anatomy and the processes it undergoes. Also, according to the theory of feminist or feminism, the relationship between biological sexual differences and the way we construct our social aspect of gender, which is a system of variable history, is an advantage to man and a lot more disadvantageous to women. Our culture dictate to us gendered meanings and maintains traditional divisions among genders. This implies that in different fields of practices man generally overpower women not only in strength but also, man and woman compete for the chance to be

Strategic Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Strategic Decision Making - Assignment Example The future prospective of the company has been assessed in this paper based on the current position of the company and structure of the industry. It highlights the prospective directions that the company can move based on its current infrastructure and the future scenario of the market. The strategic analysis of a firm regarding its future position is depends on several factors. The future analysis can only be done, when the researcher has all the information about the present, which includes industrial data, level of competitiveness in the industry, market demand, environmental influences which includes political, social, economic, technological and legal factors, etc. The existing organizational mission along with the current environmental factors is also responsible in determining the future of a company (Best, Market-based management). Moreover, the internal environment, including the strength and weakness of a company along with the position of the stakeholders also needs to be considered to analyze the future position of the company. This paper is based on the assessment of the current and future position of Securetech. The company is situated in Abu Dhabi and it offers products and services related to ICT (Information and Communication Technology) domain and to physical and cyber security. The company has been operating for more than 14 years and its business partners include Dell, Microsoft, Bosch, VM ware, Sony and several other well established firms (Securetech. "CEO Message†). This paper includes the analysis of current market and financial position of Securetech, which includes its existing strategies, structural and operational plans and the detailed assessment of the competitive forces in the industry in which it operates. The data gathered from these analyses has been used to make forecasts about the company’s future

American Airlines Flight Case Study Essay Example for Free

American Airlines Flight Case Study Essay Cause(s) of Accident The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of this accident was the asymmetrical stall and the ensuing roll of the aircraft because of the uncommanded retraction of the left wing outboard leading edge slats and the loss of stall warning and slat disagreement indication systems resulting from maintenance-induced damage leading to the separation of the number 1 engine and pylon assembly at a critical point during takeoff. The separation resulted from damage by improper maintenance procedures which let to failure of the pylon structure. Structural and Mechanical Factors After a thorough examination of the pylon attachment points, fractures and deformations at the separation points in the forward bulkhead and thrust link were all characteristic of overload. Testimony indicated the forklift was not powered for a period of time because it ran out of fuel. Post accident forklift tests showed that under these conditions leakage would allow a drift down of 1 inch in 30 minutes. Movement of 0.4 inch or less would produce a 7 inch fracture at the flange. Contributing Factors The design and interrelationship of the essential systems as they were affected by the structural loss of the pylon contributed to this accident. Flight control, hydraulic, and electrical systems in the aircraft were all affected by the pylon separation. When the engine separated from the pylon hydraulic pressure and fluid were lost and not recoverable. The separation also severed the electrical wire bundles inside the pylon which included the main feeder circuits between the generator and the No 1 a.c. generator bus. The flight crew was unable to restore power to the aircraft. The failure of engineering to ascertain the damage-inducing potential of a procedure which deviated from the manufacturer’s recommended procedure was another contributed factor. The procedure in question was the removal of the pylon attaching hardware and the positioning of the forklift. As a result, maintenance personnel altered the sequence of hardware removal. Investigation Board Findings The engine and pylon assembly separated either at or immediately after liftoff. The flight crew was committed to continue the takeoff. The aft end of the pylon assembly started to separate in the forward flange of the aircraft bulkhead. The structural separation of the pylon was caused by a complete failure of the forward flange of the aft bulkhead after its residual strength had been critically reduced by the fracture and subsequent service life. The length of the overload fracture and fatigue cracking was about 13 inches. All electrical power to the number 1 a.c. generator bus and number 1 d.c. bus was lost after the pylon separated. The captains flight director instrument, stall warning system, and slat disagreement systems were rendered inoperative. Power was never restored. The number 1 hydraulic system was lost at pylon separation. Hydraulic lines and follow up cables of the drive actuator for the left wing’s outboard leading edge slat were severed by the separation of the pylon and the left wing’s outboard slats retracted during climb out. The retraction of the slats caused an asymmetric stall and subsequent loss of control of the aircraft. The pylon was damaged during maintenance performed on March 29 and 30, 1979 at the American Airlines Maintenance Facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Engineering personnel developed procedures for removing the pylon and engine that deviated from manufacturers procedures, and did so without performing proper tests. Recommendations The NTSB recommended that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issue immediately an emergency Airworthiness Directive to inspect all pylon attach points by approved inspection methods. Issue an Airworthiness Directive to require and immediate inspection of all DC-10 aircraft in which an engine pylon assembly had been removed and reinstalled for damage to the wing-mounted pylon aft bulkhead, including its forward flange and the attaching spar web and fasteners. Issue a Maintenance Alert Bulletin directing FAA maintenance inspectors to contact their assigned carriers and advise them to immediately discontinue the practice of lowering and raising the pylon with the engine still attached and adhere to recommended manufacturer procedures. Outcomes After a series of post accident inspections disclosed damaged aft bulkheads in the wing to the engine pylons, the Administrator of the FAA issued an Emergency Order of Suspension on June 6, 1979, which suspended the DC-10 series aircraft type certificate until such time as it can be ascertained that the DC-10 aircraft meets the certification criteria of Part 25 of the FAR and is eligible for a Type Certificate. Twenty days later the FAA issued Special Federal Aviation Regulation 40 which prohibited the operation of any model DC-10 aircraft within the airspace of the United States. On July 13, 1979, after a series of formal investigations, the Administrator found that the DC-10 met the requirements for issuance of a type certificate. And the Emergency Order of Suspension was terminated. In November 1979 the FAA fined American Airlines $500,000 for using faulty maintenance procedures on its DC-10 aircraft by using forklifts to mate the complete engine/pylon assembly with the wing attachment points. Continental Airlines was fined $100,000 on a similar charge. References Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19790525-2 NTSB. (1979). Aircraft Accident Report, American Airlines, Inc. Flight 191. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR79-17.pdf

The Sutras, Samkhya Philosophy

The Sutras, Samkhya Philosophy The Sutras are built on a foundation of Samkhya philosophy. The division into the Eight Limbs (Sanskrit Ashtanga) of Yoga is reminiscent of Buddhas Noble Eightfold Path; inclusion of Brahmaviharas (Yoga Sutra 1:33) also shows Buddhisms influence on parts of the Sutras. In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali prescribes adherence to eight limbs or steps (the sum of which constitute Ashtanga Yoga, the title of the second chapter) to quiet ones mind and achieve kaivalya. The Yoga Sutras form the theoretical and philosophical basis of Raja Yoga, and are considered to be the most organized and complete definition of that discipline. Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is a book of 195/6 separate phrases that are designed to be easy to memorize. Because it is a work that is every bit as much a part of modern yoga as it was a part of the birth of yoga, this particular book is held in very high esteem in the yoga world. Philosophical Background There are several philosophical concepts, which were pondered over by various schools of thought around 600 B.C. to 400 A.D. in eastern region of the world. The school of Samkhya is one of those philosophical systems. Samkhya, marks the shifting of idea from Vedic monism to the concept of dualism as the primary cause of the universe. In Samkhya philosophy it distinguishing between Self (Spirit/Consciousness Purusha) and Matter/Nature (Prakrti) is of central importance to Samkhya Philosophy. Samkhya Philosophy elaborates a fundamental dualism between such aware Selves and all the phenomena that is presented to such Selves by Matter/Nature. Such phenomena of Matter/Nature includes reflections of the intellect, the faculty that makes things personal (the I-Maker/Ahamkara), the instinctual mind (manas), the capacities to perceive sense data, the capacities to act, the principles of the elements of sense perception, and the gross elements. These arise when Prakriti is in the presence of a Purusha, and they become enmeshed and entangled when there is mis-identification between Prakriti and Purusha. False confusion between the Self and what is not the Self is considered the fundamental ignorance that perpetuates bondage in this world. Liberation is sought by becoming aware of such distinctions on a very deep level of pe rsonal knowledge, so that one may eventually use the great faculty of the mind intellectual reflection (Buddhi/Mahat) without mistakenly identifying it with the Purusha, and then the effects of such entanglement will unravel and one will no longer be bound by incarnations or confused by Prakriti In Samkhya philosophy a guna is one of Prakritis three tendencies: tamas, sattva, and rajas. Guna is the tendency of the mind and not the state. For instance, sattva guna is that force which tends to bring the mind to purity but is not purity itself. Similarly rajas guna is that force which tends to bring the mind to perform some action but is not action itself. Sattva (originally being, existence, entity) has been translated to mean balance, order, or purity. This typically implies that a person with more of Sattva has a positive or even orderly state of mind. Such a person is psychologically kind, calm, alert and thoughtful. Rajas leads one to activity. This type of activity is explained by the term Yogakshem. Yogakshem is composed of two words: Yoga and Kshem. Yoga in the present context is acquiring something that one does not have. Kshem means losing something that one already has. Rajas is the force that creates desires for acquiring new things and fears for losing something that one has. These desires and fears lead one to activity. Tamas has been translated to mean too inactive, negative, lethargic, dull, or slow. It is the quality of inertia which provides coherence for all things. Mentally, it is associated with darkness, delusion, or ignorance. A tamas quality also can imply that a person has a self-destructive or entropic state of mind. That person is constantly pursuing destructive activities. Vedanta maintains that Brahman is the only Immaterial Sentient Existence; and being non-material and simple, It has to be all pervading and the only One Reality. Before everything there exists Reality as Absolute Consciousness. The Will to become many is the beginning of manifest universe. The Will evolves as Illusion: the Maya. Absolute Consciousness, Brahman, willed to become many, this is Maya. Maya is the cosmic illusion that creates ignorance and veils the vision of the Only Reality. Due to the power of Maya, the Same Oneness is perceived as manifold universe. Absolute Consciousness was never modified, is not modified, and will not be modified. This is the basis of Advaita Vedanta. Based on their experiences the seers or rishis of ancient ages came to the conclusion that the entire manifest universe is the illusory expression of One Substance -the Absolute Universal Consciousness. Samkhya with its dual philosophy is said to be the foundation of The Yogasutras and Purusa and Prakriti are a fundamental part of the text. The origin of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is the topic of some debate among both historians and practitioners. For instance, there are some people who credit the writing of this set of sutras to a grammarian named Patanjali. Later, though, a timeline was constructed that showed that to be unlikely. Within the yoga community, though, many say that Patanjali was actually just a compiler and that before the work was written, the Sutras were simply memorized and passed down between teacher and student. Timelines do, though, suggest this text was constructed in about the second century B.C. An objective study might well suggest that Patanjali lived within even a more tight range of 200 BC to 200 AD (or around the time of Jesus), than some common suppositions (as if he were the 2nd century BCE grammarian by the same name) or even the second or third centuries CE based on the dates of the first extant commentary (by Vyasa). ATHA YOGANUSASANAM Atha = now, Yoga = Of Yoga, Anusasanam = exposition or instruction. Now the exposition of Yoga is being made. (Patanjali Ch-1, Vs-1) The name of this text is named using Sanskrit words: yoga, is a mindset wherein you are able to gain mastery of feelings and thoughts alike. Sutra literally means thread. This thread is basically the connection between the sutras in the work. These Sutras are just combinations of words threaded together sometimes not even well formed sentences with subjects, predicates and so on. Within the space of these 196 short Sutras, the entire science of Yoga is clearly delineated: its aim, the necessary practices, the obstacles one may meet along the path, their removal, and precise descriptions of the results that will be obtained from such practices. (Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-1, Pg-1). (b) Give a brief summary of the four chapters The sutras in the text are divided into four books (chapters). Fifty one of the sutras are contained in the book called Samadhi Pada, fifty five of them are in Sadhana Pada, fifty six are also in Vibhuti Pada, and thirty four of the sutras can be found in Kaivalya Pada. Yoga Sutras Chapter 1 Concentration Samadhi Pada The book Samadhi Pada contains sutras that are most considered fundamental to yoga. It emphasizes that yoga is about discipline and that it is the ability to master your feelings and thoughts. Many of the most famous yoga sutras come from this particular book Concentration: Chapter 1 of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Samadhi Pada, which means the chapter on concentration. Chapter 1 describes yoga, witnessing five kinds of thoughts, uncoloring thoughts, the twin principles of practice and non-attachment, the stages of concentration, efforts and commitments, obstacles and solutions, and means and results of stabilizing the mind. . Yoga Sutras Chapter 2 Practice Sadhana Pada In the Sadhana Pada, there is much about practice since the Sanskrit word sadhana actually does mean practice. This chapter is where Kriya Yoga and the eight limbs of yoga first appear. These aspects reflect the idea that yoga is both selfless and spiritual. Practices: Chapter 2 of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Sadhana Pada, which means the chapter on practices. Chapter 2 outlines specific tools of attention that are used to systematically carve out, or cut away the obstacles of the inner mental shield that is blocking the light of the Self within. This includes the first 5 of the 8 rungs of yoga, known as ashtanga yoga. Yoga in the form of action (kriya yoga) has three parts: 1) Training and purifying the senses (tapas), 2) Self-study in the context of teachings (svadhyaya), 3) Devotion and letting go into the creative source from which we emerged (iswara pranidhana). (tapah svadhyaya ishvara-pranidhana kriya-yogah) Tapah = literally heat accepting the purifying aspects of painful experience, purifying action, training the senses Svadhyaya = lit ones own or self-study in the context of teachings, remembrance of sacred word or mantra Iswara = creative source, causal field, supreme Guru or teacher. Omniscient But not Omnipotent pranidhana = practicing the presence, dedication, devotion, surrender of fruits of practice, or contemplation. Kriya-yogah = yoga of practice, action, mental purification Kriya Yoga: When thinking about life and spiritual practices, it is easy then to remind yourself of this foundation by internally saying such words as, I need to train my senses, explore within, and let go of these attachments and aversions. Contained in a simple sentence like this is the outline of Kriya Yoga (that simple sentence contains tapas, svadhyaya, and ishvara pranidhana). Iswara pranidhana: The emphasis of iswara pranidhana practice is the release or surrender that is done in a sincere, dedicated, or devotional attitude. It is easy to get caught up in debates over the nature of God, Guru, creative source, and teacher. Yoga is very broad and non-sectarian, leaving it open to each individual how to perceive these realities. The more important part is that of letting go rather than holding on to the images and desires of the senses (tapas) and the personal characteristics and makeup uncovered through introspection (svadhyaya). Iswara: In the Upanishads, the word Ä ªÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºwara is used to denote a state of collective consciousness. Thus, The Lord is not a being that sits on a high pedestal beyond the sun, moon, and stars; Iswara is actually the state of Ultimate Reality. But due to the lack of direct experience, The God has been personified and given various names and forms by religions throughout the ages. When one expands ones individual consciousness to the Universal Consciousness, it is called Self-realization, for the individual self has realized the unity of diversity, the very underlying principle, or Universal Self, beneath all forms and names. This is the fundamental difference between monism and dualism, one is essentially theistic and the other is not. Yoga Sutras Chapter 3 Progressing Vibhuti Pada The Vibhuti Pada can be translated power. The roles of the sutras in this particular book are to describe and help the yogi to achieve full awareness through yoga. It is essentially about attaining higher levels of awareness of ones self. Progressing: Chapter 3 of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Vibhuti Pada, which means the chapter on progressing. Chapter 3 starts by presenting the last 3 of the 8 rungs of yoga, which are concentration, meditation, and samadhi, collectively known as samyama. The rest of the chapter explains how samyama is used as the finer tool to remove the subtler veils of ignorance. The last three rungs of Yoga: Dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation), and samadhi are the final three rungs of Yoga. Dharana: Concentration is the process of holding or fixing the attention of mind onto one object or place. Dhyana: Meditation is sustained concentration, whereby the attention continues to hold or repeat the same object or place. Samadhi: Samadhi is the deep absorption, wherein only the essence of that object, place, or point shines forth in the mind, as if the mind were devoid even of its own form. Stages of attention: It is attention itself, which is progressively moving inward through these few stages: Attention leads to concentration (dharana). Concentration leads to meditation (dhyana). Meditation leads to absorption (samadhi). Yoga Sutras Chapter 4 Liberation Kaivalya Pada Meaning of Kaivalya: The fourth chapter of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Kaivalya Pada. The word Kaivalya literally translates as isolation. It is usually taken to mean liberation or enlightenment. However, the way in which isolation is a quite effective term is that pure consciousness or purusha is now standing alone, separate from all of the manifestations of prakriti, including literally all of the manifestations or swirlings of all levels of the mind field. In Sutra 1.16 supreme non-attachment is mentioned as a stage beyond the many other levels of attachment. Sutra 4.32 explains how the primary elements called gunas have finished their purpose and recede in perfect equilibrium into that from which they arose. These are aspects or byproducts of the process of the isolation (kaivalya) of pure consciousness (purusha). Purusa is literally liberated from its attachment to Prakriti. The purpose of the whole of creation is to give us a context for understanding what we are and what we are not. When we understand that, then there is kaivalya, and prakrti has fulfilled its purpose. A person who experiences kaivalya sees prakrti, the material world, simply as it is, with no meaning beyond that. Kaivalya describes the effect on the personality of being in a continuous state of samadhi. This is the state of inner freedom that yoga strives for. A person in the state of kaivalya understands the world so well that he stands apart from it in the sense that he is not influenced by it, although he may well be in a position to influence the world. People in kaivalya behave like normal people, but they do not carry the burden of the world on their shoulders. They live in the world, but they are not subject to it. They are not free from sensual perception or free of the body, they have a foot in both worlds. Wherever they happen to be, they are sure of themselves. That is kaivalya. External forces have no power over a person like this, though he knows the external world very well. (c) Choose two of the following topics: Yogic concept of the mind The Kleshas Kriya Yoga Significance of Iswara The Siddhis The Yogic concept of the mind YOGAS CITTA VRTTI NIRODHAH Yogas = Yoga, Chitta = of the mind stuff, Vritti = modifications, Nirodhah = restraint. The restraint of the modifications of the mind stuff is Yoga (Patanjali Ch-1, Vs-2) In this Sutra Patanjali gives the goal of Yoga. For a keen student this one Sutra would be enough because the rest of them only explain this one. If the restraint of the mental modifications is achieved one has reached the goal of Yoga. The entire science of Yoga is based on this. Patanjali has given the definition of Yoga and at the same time the practice. If you can control the rising of the mind into ripples, you will experience Yoga (Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-1, Pg-3,4). Normally, the word Yoga is translated as union, but for a union there should be two things to unite. In this case, what is to unite with what? So here we take Yoga to mean the Yogic experience. The extraordinary experience gained by controlling the modifications of the mind itself is called Yoga (Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-1, Pg-4). There is a Sanskrit saying; Mana eva manushyanam karanam bandha mokshayoho. As the mind, so the man; bondage; or liberation are in your mind. If you feel bound, you are bound. If you feel liberated you are liberated. Things outside neither bind nor liberate you; only your attitude toward them does that. These vrittis, or mental activities/modifications, are said to be either painful, or not painful. They are five-fold :- PRAMANA VIPARYAYA VIKALPA NIDRA SMRTAYAH Pramana = right knowledge; Viparyaya = misconception, Vikalpa = verbal delusions, Nidra = sleep, Smritayah = memory The are right knowledge, misconception, verbal delusion, sleep and memory (Patanjali Ch-I, Vs-6 ) Patanjali explains that right-knowledge can be acquired by direct perception, inference, or testimony. In other words, one can sail the ocean personally and bring back direct knowledge, or one can hear of the travels undertaken by another sailor explorer, or one can read the book written by the sailor on his return. Even right-knowledge is however limited as the original sailor still cannot know everything there is to know about the ocean he is exploring. Wrong-knowledge is likened to the delusion we experience when we see something and believe it to be something else, such as a snake in the dark which proves to be nothing but a rope when seen in daylight. Imagination is perception which is coloured by fanciful thoughts or dreams. The dreaming phase of sleep known as the REM phase is littered with random thought patterns, but even the deep-sleep stage, which leaves no conscious trace in the mind, is actually a stage of thought. The sleeper knows nothing, but knows that he knew nothing on waking. All extraneous thought is temporarily suspended and only the thought of emptiness remains to leave an impression on waking. Memory is the process of remembering past experience. Each memory is first processed to make it palatable, and then filed for future reference, leaving an impression in the mind. These impressions can either remain on the surface of the mind and be recalled at will, or sink to the bottom where they take root. Patanjali describes the restless mind as outgoing (paranga cetana) and the quiet inward-turned mind as (pratyak cetana) I.29. When the mind focuses on external influences the Self appears to assume the forms and images projected by the mind. When the vritti activities are quietened through sensory withdrawal, concentration, and meditation, man is said to rest in his true nature. Patanjali gives us two tools which will help us control the mind abhyasa or regular, sustained practice, and vairagya, a process of detachment from objects of desire, which is attained as a direct result of abhyasa. Patanjali likens both states of mind to a mirror. When the mirror is dusty or smeared, it reflects a distorted image of whatever it reflects. When the mirror is cleaned the image is reflected without distortion, shining in its own essence samadhi. Patanjali concludes by saying that success in Yoga depends on the strength of our desire for enlightenment, and the amount of effort we are prepared to put into our practice. The Siddhis KAYEDRIYA SIDDHIR ASUDDHI KSAYAT TAPASAH Kaya = body, Indriya = senses, Siddhi = occult powers, Asuddhi = impurities, kshayat = due to destruction, Tapasah = austerities. By austerity, impurities of the body and senses are destroyed and occult powers gained. (Patanjali Ch-2, Vs-43) Siddhi is a Sanskrit word that literally means accomplishment, attainment, or success. It is also used as a term for spiritual power (or psychic ability). The term is used in that sense in Hinduism and Tantric Buddhism. These spiritual powers supposedly vary from relatively simple forms of clairvoyance to being able to levitate, to be present at various places at once, to become as small as an atom, to materialize objects, to have access to memories from past lives, and more. There are many perspectives of attaining Siddhis. One school of thought states that they are a normal set of occurrences that should not be focused upon because they will pull one from the path. Other perspectives hold that each siddhi should be pursued because it will allow one to understand the power of the Godhead. Siddhis may occur in many ways: naturally though the agency of karma, as a result of extended practice (sadhana), through rigorous austerities (tapasya) or by grace. They are often mentioned in conjunction with Riddhi (pl Riddhis), which means material or worldly wealth, power, luxurious lifestyles, etc. TRAYAM EKATRA SAMYAMAH Trayam = the three; Ekatra = upon one object; samyama = the practice of dharana, dhyana and samadhi. The practice of these three (dharana, dhyana and samadhi)upon one object is called samyama. (Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-4) From the practice of samyama, come the siddhis. You dive deeply into an object or idea, and it releases its secrets. In a way, scientists have done samyama on the atomic particles. The particles released their energy, and the scientists got the knowledge of them. They accomplished the truth behind the particles. Samyama is usually done on objects or ideas connected with results. When the results come, you call them siddhis or vibhuti. (Patanjali Ch-3, Pg-177). TAD VAIRAGYAD API DOSA BIJA KSAYE KAIVALYAM Tad = that; Vairagyat = by non attachment; Api = even; Dosha bija = seed of bondage; Kshaye = destroyed; Kaivalyam = independence. By non attachment even to that (all these siddhis), the seed of bondage is destroyed and thus follows Kaivalya (Independence) (Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-51) This means that all those siddhis are beautiful, but they will bind us, because siddhis are the outcome of the mind. The mind wants something. It wants to achieve this or that. What for? To be proud of itself, It develops ego, It makes your I and mine bigger, Selfish desires are still there. So are the siddhis bad? If so why are they there? I say they are not bad. They are beautiful; they are good. When? They come to you. When you run after them they are bad. Thats all the difference. Let the siddhis come and beg. Dont become a slave or attached to siddhis let them come to you and be used as tools (Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-3, Pg-199,200). Nine main Siddhis Parkaya Pravesha: Parkaya Pravesh means ones soul entering into the body of some other person. Through this knowledge even a dead body can be brought to life. Haadi Vidya: This Vidya or knowledge has been mentioned in several ancient texts. On acquiring this Vidya, a person feels neither hunger nor thirst, and can remain without eating food or drinking water for several days at a stretch. Kaadi Vidya: Just as one does not feel hungry or thirsty in Haadi Vidya, similarly in Kaadi Vidya a person is not affected by change of seasons, i.e. by summer, winter, rain, etc. After accomplishing this Vidya, a person shall not feel cold even if he sits in the snow-laden mountains, and shall not feel hot even if he sits in the fire. Vayu Gaman Siddhi: Through this Siddhi a person can become capable of flying in the skies and traveling from one place to another in just a few seconds. Madalasa Vidya: On accomplishing this Vidya, a person becomes capable of increasing or decreasing the size of his body according to his wish. Lord Hanuman had miniaturized his body through this Vidya while entering the city of Lanka. Kanakdhara Siddhi: One can acquire immense and unlimited wealth through this Siddhi. Prakya Sadhana: Through this Sadhana a Yogi can direct his disciple to take birth from the womb of a woman who is childless or cannot bear children. Surya Vigyan: This solar science is one of the most significant sciences of ancient India. This science has been known only to the Indian Yogis; using it, one substance can be transformed into another through the medium of sun rays. Mrit Sanjeevani Vidya: This Vidya was created by Guru Shukracharya. Through it, even a dead person can be brought back to life. I recognise some of these Siddhis from the Shaman rituals that are carried out, for example the native americans used rituals/dances and trances to empthise and take on the characteristics and power of wolves and eagles, wearing feathers and or wolf hide etc. to help invoke the powers. (d) List the yamas and niyamas and give a brief translation of their names. Do you feel they are rules to be observed? Or are they the result of sustained practice of yoga? Yamas: There are many interpretations of and opinions about the yamas and niyamas. While the ancient Indian text, the Bhagavata Purana assigns 12 yogic restraints the Parashar Smriti, another text, puts forward ten. But the yamas as described in Patanjalis Yoga Sutras there are only five, which are also known as the great universal vows or the sarvabhauma maha vratas, because they are not limited by either class, creed, time or circumstances. They are the guidelines for how we interact with the outer world, the social disciplines to guide us in our relationships with others. These five are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ahimsa (non-violence), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Satya (truthfulness), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Asteya (non-stealing), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brahmacharya (celibacy) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aparigraha (non-covetousness) Niyamas: The niyamas are the second constituents of Ashtanga Yoga. How we interact with ourselves, our internal world. The niyamas are about self-regulation-helping us maintain a positive environment in which to grow. Their practice harnesses the energy generated from the cultivation of the earlier yamas. According to sage Yajnavalkya, there are ten niyamas and the Bhagavad Gita lists 11 constituents. But Patanjali names only five: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shaucha or purity, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Santosha or contentment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tapa or austerity, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Swadhyaya or self-education and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ishwar-Pranidhan or meditation on the Divine The Benefits of Practicing Yamas and Niyamas: The yamas and niyamas help in managing our energy in an integrative manner, complementing our outer life to our inner development. They help us view ourselves with compassion and awareness. They help in respecting the values of this life, in balancing our inner growth with outer restraint. In short they help us to lead a conscious-life. Yamas and niyamas are not about right and wrong. They are about being honest with the true Self. Living according to these principles are about living our lives in a better way, about moving towards an understanding, about making it possible to connect with the Divine. (e) Define the terms dharana, dhyana and samadhi. Briefly summarise the differences between them. The last three rungs of Yoga: Dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation), and samadhi are the final three rungs of Yoga. Dharana: Concentration is the process of holding or fixing the attention of mind onto one object or place. DESABANDHAS CITTASYA DHARANA Desabandhah = binding to one place; chittasya = of the mind ; dharana = concentration. Dharana is the binding of the mind to one place, object or idea. (Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-1). Dhyana: Meditation is sustained concentration, whereby the attention continues to hold or repeat the same object or place. TATRA PRATYAYAIKATANATA DHYANAM Tatra = therein; Pratyaya = flow of cognition; Ekatanata = continued; Dhyanam = meditation. Dhyana is the continuous flow of cognition toward that object. (Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-2). Samadhi: Samadhi is the deep absorption, wherein only the essence of that object, place, or point shines forth in the mind, as if the mind were devoid even of its own form. TAD EVARTHMATRA NIRBHASAM SVARUPA SUNYAM IVA SAMADHIH Tad eva = that (meditation) itself; Arthamatra = the object alone; Nirbhasam = shining; Svarupa = of its own form; Sunyam = devoid of; Iva = as if samadhih = contemplation. Samadhih is the same meditation when there is the shinig of the object alone, as if devoid of form. (Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-3). The differences between Dharana, Meditation and Samadhi are subtle but profound, in my view they are more complimentary than different, they are like a two dimensional jigsaw, when joined up becomes three-dimensional. In Dharana you are training the mind. It is the beginning of meditation. Concentration is the beginning of meditation. Normally, we see our mind running here and there. When we try to fix it on one thing, within a fraction of a second we see it somewhere else, keeping it fixed on one thing is concentration. Meditation is the culmination of concentration, continuous flow; it is like pouring oil from one pot into another. The mind is fixed; communication between meditator and object is steady. Time and space has no meaning in meditation; when you feel five minutes as an hour, you are not meditating; you are still concentrating, whereas when an hour feels like five minutes that is meditation. Meditation culminates in the state of Samadhih. One cant consciously practice Samadhih. In Samadhih there is neither the object nor the meditator. There is no feeling of I am meditating on that.

How To Improve School For Todays Young Learners Education Essay

How To Improve School For Todays Young Learners Education Essay There is a significant amount of research that has explored the benefits of in-school Physical education. With a large number of schools and students participating, control groups have been able to track the advantages and disadvantages of in-school Physical education. The conclusions, interpretations, and suggestions for Physical Education have determined an overall academic performance increase has occurred in the students with proper Physical Education instruction. The need to improve the school systems for todays young learners should be at the pinnacle of education reform. How to improve school for todays young learners There is a rising concern with the development of our children and their academic performance in comparison to other industrialized countries throughout the world. If the United States wants to remain competitive in the world market, it needs to address the issues involving the future generations. If the education of past generations has proven to be inadequate, an elucidation for improving the school systems will create smarter generations for the future. Improving the nations school system is a difficult and delicate project. If we try to change the curriculum, determining which curriculum to change becomes far too analytical. Does reading need more attention than writing? Does writing need more attention than Arithmetic? Subjecting every student to standardized test has been the determinant of all the prevailing questions. Teach to the test is the routine saying to describe our elementary academics. The focus is on the test, and has taken away from the learning. The standardized t esting does little to improve the knowledge of the student, but the learning gives the students a priceless commodity. The schools need to look at more progressive means of improvement; address the needs of the students and the teachers, not the states requirements for test scores. There has been significant research on the effects of in-school Physical Education and its benefits. The continuation of in-school physical education will improve  overall student academic performance and an  array of physical and mental skills. Physical Education is a subject that is creates better students and has an additional benefit of health. Schools currently have Physical Education as part of the daily curriculum, but the amount of time allotted for proper physical education is diminishing. This may be adversely affecting the overall performance, students who had moderate to high levels of physical activity within P.E. reported fewer attention problems during class and more years of post-high school educationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Exner, A. 2009). An example of a modification to the school curriculum would be to reduce the amount of time for lunch and recess and introduce organized sport or play. The additional physical activity increases the attentiveness of the students, and will result in better comprehension or retention of the course material. With a better understanding of the school material the students are more confident in their studies and are more willing to pursue post high school education. If our nation wants stay competitive with other nations, we need to develop smarter students from the infancy of education, not better test takers. The mental skills enhancements associated with exercise, research shows that physical activity improves academic skill learning, concentration, memory, classroom behavior, and general academic performance, (Exner, A. 2009) are the things that need to be addressed. If schools focus on developing the concentration and memory of children, then the children will learn more in the allotted time for school. Developing the skills to learn as well as learning itself will benefit our school system tremendously. Classroom instruction is an essential in the foundation of education, and quality Physical Education should be included. Physical Education is a complicated; insuring that schools properly apply all the right formulas for physical education will result in better cognition in children. Lounsbery and Smith (2009) have indentified that Quality physical education is defined by standards related to five critical elements: (1) who teaches it, (2) how often students receive it, (3) what is taught, (4) how well students should perform, and (5) for what purpose it is taught. The schools need to be sure all teachers receive, at minimum, basic physical activity training. Giving the teachers the tools to properly apply physical education will assist them with the in classroom subjects as well. A proper balance of education in schools needs to be maintained. If we take away from physical education and give to math or reading the equilibrium of education is thrown off. Academic achievement will prevail in the students with the proper amount of Physical Education. Our nation is falling behind on the overall test scores, due to the change in curriculum. Sometimes it is necessary to cut subjects due to budgetary constraints, but cutting the things that adversely affect the students is a better idea than reducing the subject proven to increase the productivity of the students. When legislation calls for education budget cuts, the first things on the chopping block are physical activities and extra curricular sports programs. The demands of politicians and the government are obstructing the advancement of academic performance in this country. Balancing the subjects in all area of the academic process needs to be maintained, in order to provide students with the necessary tools to succeed in school and life. An equal treatment of all subjects will create an atmosphere for higher learning standards. As youths make the transition to adulthood, they require skills that will aid them in making self-assessments, planning personal programs, setting goals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(self-monitoring), making decisions, and solving problems (Le Masurier, G,   Corbin, C.  2006). In order to make schools better for the young learners of today and generations to come, addressing the needs of developing mind and body go hand in hand. The body is the carrying case for the mind and its capabilities. The multiple benefits of Physical education extend outside of the classroom. Personal growth and maturity in the decision making process are also among the many values to physical education. Schools want for the students to achieve high test scores, at the risk of becoming in-sufficient in other fields of education. Schools primary obligation to the student is to properly prepare and develop the mind and body for what ever lies ahead. Whether is be running companies, raising families, or governing countries, the students that are given the proper education from the beginning will be more successful.

John Sirica and The Ammidown Murder Essay examples -- Law

When I discovered that my English class had to do a Research Paper, I became horrified. I thought students only did this when they were finishing graduate school not when they were starting their first year in college. All I knew about research papers was that there is an overwhelming amount of research to do. In my efforts to complete this obstacle and not bore myself to sleep with researching, I wanted to do an interesting topic, but I had no idea where to begin. I spent hours going through a great number of subjects and people, but once I found topic remotely interesting, I could not find much information on the Library of Congress website. Therefore, I decided to choose one word that would hopefully lead me to an interesting topic. I set my search limits to manuscripts and searched the word murder. There, the first name at the top of the page was Sirica, John . John J. Sirica spent his younger years at Georgetown University studying law. He worked in a small law firm as an attorney, but became active in Republican Party politics. In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him, as the chief judge for the U.S. District Court for D.C. Being chief judge; Sirica did not use traditional methods in the courts, but instead used his own technique of getting to the bottom of the truth. He played a famous role in the Watergate Scandal and in the murder trial of Robert Louis Ammidown. Finally, I found an interesting topic that was worth sticking with. The court case United States v. Ammidown was fascinating to me, so I immersed myself into finding sources to support my research topic. I was able to find secondary sources on the Montgomery College Catalog and through Google News. The Free Lance-Star pertaining to the case ... ...tp://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19711022&id=GfRNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=14oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3630,6511498 (accessed April 19, 2012). The police were on a search for Tony Lee who was accused of murder in the death of Linda Ammidown. The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg), "Tony Lee Convicted of Murder." May 25, 1972. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NpNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2YoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2403,4982008&dq=tony+lee+convicted&hl=en (accessed April 4, 2012). This contains an article on the conviction of Tony Lee by the chief Judge John Sirica. The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg), "Two Brothers Charged in Ammidown Murder." March 16, 1972. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720316&id=iqlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7421,2169052 (accessed April 11, 2012). Richard Lee and Ralph Lee were arrested and charged for the murder of Linda Ammidown.

Confucianism Essay -- Religion Confucianism

Confucianism The religion of Confucianism is and interesting and unique religion. The various parts of this belief system deal more with humanity than with deities or supernatural occurrences. It is this fact that leads many to believe that Confucianism is more a philosophy or way of life than a religion. There are, however, various ceremonies and beliefs that those who follow Confucianism observe. In short, Confucianism has had more impact on the lives of the Chinese than any other single religion. Confucius was born in the province of Lu (now known as Shantung), in 551 BC, the youngest of eleven children, in the period of China's history when the nation was divided into feudal states. Confucius saw the time in which he lived as a low point in China's history so he set out to teach his philosophy in an effort of improving his society. He was born into a noble class, but his family had been stripped of its nobility by the time he was born. By the age of 21 he had been so well educate d that he already had disciples and by 22, he had opened a school. He became known later in life as K'ung Fu Tzu (which was later Latinized in the west as Confucius), meaning Great Master Kung, for his teaching. It is known that he had a wife , a son, and a daughter, and that he held a few governmental offices. The teachings of Confucius were to lead people to achieve a status known as Chun Tzu, or superior man, to become Chun Tzu you must reach a perfect balance and awareness in political and social situations. In the time of Confucius, only the aristocracy was educated, which meant that the Chun Tzu was exclusively the wealthy, however, he devoted his life to teaching everyone regardless of their financial standing, provided they were intelligent eno... ...ained a large following, with Buddhism competing directly against Confucianism (Taoism, due to it's similarities coexisted with Confucianism without much conflict). Eventually, Chinese political leaders came to believe that foreign religions (one of which was Buddhism) were eroding their traditional way of life, and this resulted in the persecution of many who followed these foreign religions, thus revitalizing Confucianism. In the past century, Confucianism has suffered greatly. due to industrialization and science, it has been seen as outdated and as abridging personal freedoms. Today it has finally began another resurgence. The current ideals of society have turned toward more spirituality and respect for other religions has once again breathed new life into this old philosophy. Bibliography Aspects of Religion CD-rom, Interactive Learning Productions, 1994

Scott Pilgrim vs. The World Essay -- Film Review, Boy meets Girl

Scott Pilgrim vs. the World tells the classic story of boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl but first must overcome problems which the girl brings from her past that interferes with their relationship. Initially defeated, sad boy realizes that this girl is â€Å"the one† and so goes into battle for her once more, and this time he is victorious. Where Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is fresh and unique is in the combination of styles and influences from comic books (Scott Pilgrim originally being a comic before being made as a film) and video games, particularly styles of video games popular during the early era of home video consoles in the 1980s and 1990s for which the intended audience of the movie, whose childhoods largely occurred in that period, would feel a deep nostalgia. Costume design, props, and the stylized gestures and vocal delivery of the actors (pp. 125-130, 139-146) all contribute to creating a feel reminiscent of said â€Å"old-school† video games. D irector Edgar Wright structured the editing of the film so as to create the feel of a continuous stream of action, as though the romance is seen as a never-ending, fast-paced conflict. Sound (pp. 279-280) and visuals (p. 118) are also used in such a way as to create the sense of a universe which is deliberately unrealistic and as direct as possible a translation of the original comic book into film format. Although the film uses a restricted narration (p. 93), with the audience only seeing events as far as Scott can see them, the extensive use of visual and sound cues, as well as the deliberately formulaic plot structure and references to many old video games and classic â€Å"boy-meets-girl† stories, the general structure and plot (pp. 80-82) of which the audience is assumed to b... ... and substitutes the common traits by the use of unique and innovative elements from a different medium. The style and the pop culture references (especially to video games) which the film is full of helps connect with the target audience, and also show the significant of how fantasy, video games and comic, can stylistically distribute a classical convention to the distinct overall formal system (pp. 56-58, 60-61). In other words, this film that incorporates stylistic elements of comic books and video games to tell a story which is already familiar fodder for movie audiences also makes it especially relevant to an audience demographic raised with video games and manga. Perhaps such prophetic in the integration of stylistic elements from different forms of popular entertainment media into film, can be something which audiences in the future may well come to expect.

Ezra pound’s poem Essay

As far as linguistics is concerned with the study of human language. And as it is known for anyone who is specialised in the field, it is divided into branches that consist of semantics which is the study of meaning at the level of words and concepts, at the second stage comes semiotics which means the use of symbols ,images to convey meaning, and thirdly we have pragmatics where meaning is understood through the context. So our attempt in this essay is the study of Ezra Pound’s poem ‘The Garden ‘from three perspectives, semantically, semiotically and pragmatically. â€Å"The Garden† is a free verse poem written by Ezra Pound. It was first published in 1913 in the collection â€Å"Poetry: A Magazine of Verse†, then as part of his collection â€Å"Lustra† in 1916. The poem is comprised of four stanzas.(Alexander). When reading the poem at a first glance the reader may notice that Pound is describing a young woman who has been born into the wealth of society and has grown up isolated from it. In the first stanza the poet compares the young woman to a softy length. Then the silk is loose, much like the young woman who seem to be lost. Next, the poet refers to the woman’s mental state. â€Å"She is dying piece-meal of a sort of emotional anaemia†. So, anaemia is a condition to feel weak and tired and suggests the lack of vitality. In the second stanza, the poet is referring to a number of lower class children ‘rabble fifthly, sturdy, unkillable infants of the very poor†. Besides, the following line states that â€Å"they shall inherit the earth â€Å"which refers to the aristocratic category in Britain. Ezra Pound then makes a direct referencing to the woman’s excessive boredom when he says â€Å"her boredom is exquisite and excessive â€Å". Thus, the poem ends with the women’s desire to speak to somebody. In other words, Ezra Pound uses a number of literary techniques such as: symbols, simile and metaphor. At the beginning of the poem we can remark that the poet uses a SIMILE, the very first line † like a skein of loose silk blown against a wall†, the poet here compares one of the poem’s protagonists ( the young lady ) to an exquisite material which is silk.†. The image of the silk blowing up against a wall is pregnant, somehow, with a  power which only grows the more familiar the image becomes.† (Sarah, Tuesday, March 1, 2011) . Therefore, throughout the poem we learn that the woman, who is the basis of the comparison, is one of noble youth walking along a path in Kensington Gardens. Pound ends the stanza with a metaphor, this time directed at the woman’s mental state. â€Å"She is dying piece-meal, of a sort of emotional anaemia†. In more specific term, anaemia is a condition in which red blood cells in your body are lacking, causing the sufferer to feel weak and tired. So that, in the poem the protagonist appears to feel totally tired of her position. The woman is also described as emotionally anaemic which suggests the death of the upper class. Stanza two introduces the â€Å"rabble† of the lower class. So, these three lines symbolise the dying aristocracy by the contrast to the â€Å"unkillable infants of the very poor†. For instance, the use of paradox in semiotic terms is stated in the forth stanza. Yet, the intensive desire of the lonely woman to speak to someone is morally and socially unacceptable for a woman of noble status to associate with anyone outside her own class. As far as the pragmatic interpretation is concerned, the poet came to evoke his hidden messages. The title itself â€Å"The Garden† may refer to the biblical belief â€Å"The Garden of Eden†. Furthermore, pound uses many words that have a hidden meaning such as† Anaemia† .This latter, suggests the death of the upper class. Moreover, in the third stanza the phrase â€Å"In her is the end of breeding† there’s a nice double meaning here. â€Å"The end of breeding† because she lacks the vitality to produce another generation, and so her class of people will die out, but also because she shows the result of elegance. The next line states that â€Å"They shall inherit the earth†. Here, the poet is referring to the fall of aristocracy in Britain at that time, when contrasted with the increase of the lower classes. Then, â€Å"The â€Å"exquisite and excessive† boredom is that carried by generation upon generation of women who are familiar with the sound of men’s hearts shattering† (Alexander) .So, the forth stanza handle the fear of the woman and therefore the indiscretion must be committed ‘I will commit that indiscretion’. To sum up, we may say that this poem is talking about a young woman who has been born into the wealth of society. And has grown up isolated from it. She  has absolutely everything and yet she longs for something more. She is bored of being proper and feels just like a shadow. For instance, the analysis of the poem into three different perspectives (semantic, semtiotic and pragmatic) allows us to go further in order to understand a poem from different angles. BIBLIOGRAPHIE Alexander, T. (n.d.). _Comment on Ezra Pound’s poem_. Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/items/2260126-poetry-analysis-the-garden-by-ezra-pound Sarah, J. (Tuesday, March 1, 2011). _Talking about poems just for the pleasure of it._ Froula, Christine. A Guide to Ezra Pound’s Selected Poems. New York Doubleday & Co., Inc.